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Aplicaţii GIS în Geomorfologie

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Submitted by mihai.niculita on Fri, 11/04/2016 - 23:02

Aplicaţii GIS în Geomorfologie

Introducere

Cercetarea geomorfologică modernă este indisolubil legată de tehnologia geospatială și de sistemele informaționale geografice/știința informațiilor geografice (SIG/GIS). Datorită avansurilor tehnologice rapide ale teledetecției, geodeziei, fotogrammetriei, informaticii și GIS-ului, aplicarea instrumentelor de analiză care utilizează informații digitale ale suprafaței terenului a revoluționat cercetarea cantitativă în geomorfologie (Bishop, 2013). În ultimele trei decenii, GIS-ul a influențat din ce în ce mai multe sub-domenii ale geomorfologiei. Aplicațiile software GIS sunt concepute pentru a facilita investigațiile spațiale, de exemplu, prin analize geostatistice sau descrierea matematică a suprafețelor și, prin urmare, sunt legate în mod inerent de metodologia și conceptele geomorfologiei. Inclusiv apariția GIS este legată de utilizarea suprapunerii în geomorfologie (Roger Tomlinson, “părintele GIS-ului” fiind un geomorfolog specializat în geomorfologie glaciară) extinsă ulterior în utilizarea terenului (Tomlinson, 1967). Instrumentele GIS sunt de folos multor domenii de cercetare de frontieră în geomorfologie, de la descrierea cantitativă a formelor de relief până la modelarea proceselor, investigarea interrelațiilor forme-proces și legăturilor cu condițiile climatice și de mediu sau evaluarea fluxurilor de sedimente. Mai mult, procesarea și modelarea formelor de relief, analiza statistică și regionalizarea suprafețelor, precum și vizualizarea grafică și crearea hărților sunt caracteristici cheie ale GIS-ului aplicat în geomorfologie.
Un punct de plecare pentru studiile GIS este în mod obișnuit modelul numeric al terenului (MNT/DEM) cu date raster de diferite tipuri. Cu toate acestea, instrumentele GIS permit, de asemenea, conectarea informațiilor de teledetecție cu date de interpolare, de exemplu, caracteristici ale suprafeței de terenului, rate de proces sau informații subterane, înregistrate cu sisteme de teledetecție sau geofizică.

Rădăcinile geomorfometriei pot fi identificate în studiile timpurii ale lui Penck (1894). Ideile sale de pionierat privind formele de relief au condus la stabilirea structurilor taxonomice care au fost utilizate în multe studii ulterioare (de exemplu, Ahnert, 1970; Kugler, 1975; Evans, 1972). O nouă eră în aplicarea GIS în studiile geomorfologice a început, însă, aproape 100 ani mai târziu, în anii ’90. Lucrari clasice ale lui Dikau et al. (1991), Moore și colab. (1991), Pike și Dikau (1995) sau Wilson și Gallant (2000) s-au concentrat pe clasificările digitale ale formelor de teren și progresele geomorfometrice generale utilizând DEM-uri, respectiv.

Primele aplicații ale GIS pe teme geomorfologice tradiționale, cum ar fi alunecările de teren, eroziunea solului și distribuția permafrostului montan a avut succes la scară regională sau locală (Chairat și Delleur, 1993; Deroo și colab., 1989; Dikau și Jäger, 1995; Eash, 1994; Jäger, 1997; Keller, 1992; vanWesten și Terlien, 1996; Koethe și Lehmeier, 1993).

De la sfârșitul anilor ‘90, observăm o utilizare din ce în ce mai mare a GIS-ului în studiile geomorfologice. Această dezvoltare este puternic legată de progresele informaticii, teledetecției și fotogrammetriei, precum și geofizicii superficială (Bishop, 2013). În special, disponibilitatea seturilor de date digitale globale a impulsionat aplicațiile și cercetarea în GIS pentru suprafața terenului și analiza proceselor. La scară globală, DEM-urile cu rezoluții cuprinse între 1 și 30 m sunt acum disponibile pentru întregul glob terestru (GLOBE, SRTM, GDEM, ALOS).

În plus, ambele tehnici de scanare cu laser (LIDAR: LIght Detection And Ranging) și structura din mișcare (SFM), atât la sol cât și în aer furnizează DEM-uri de înaltă rezoluție (

Aplicațiile GIS în geomorfologie se extind de la abordări de vizualizare pură, clasificare a reliefului, a suprafaței terenului și analiză hidrologică, modelarea proceselor geomorfologice și eroziunii, detectarea modificărilor topografice și modelarea hazardului și riscului. În timp ce multe aplicații care se concentrează pe analiza suprafeței terestre, detectarea schimbărilor topografice sau modelarea riscului sunt efectuate în aplicații specifice GIS, unele abordări folosesc software statistic (de exemplu, pachetul software R) sau software special de modelare (de exemplu, Matlab, IDL) pentru a efectua analize geospațiale. De exemplu, modelarea proceselor erozionale și evoluția reliefului necesită deseori cerințe care depășesc capacitățile software GIS și sunt folosite alte resurse (de exemplu, Chen și colab., 2014; Coulthard, 2001; Tucker and Hancock, 2010).

În timp ce software-ul GIS a devenit mai puternic și chiar a furnizat instrumente grafice avansate, o creștere simultană a cartării geomorfologice nu s-a realizat. Acest lucru este oarecum surprinzător, deoarece suprapunerea diferitelor strate geomorfologice reprezintă unul dintre cele mai importante instrumente în aplicațiile GIS și îmbunătățesc aplicabilitatea hărților (Otto și Smith, 2013). Cu toate acestea, cartografierea geomorfologică și GIS-ul au devenit o combinație evidentă (Gustavsson și colab., 2006; Otto și Dikau, 2004; Schoeneich, 1993). Mai mult, hărțile geomorfologice servesc acum ca un produs intermediar pentru analizele cantitative ale bugetului de sedimente.

Pentru aceasta, modelarea GIS a modelelor numerice ale terenului este combinată cu informații subterane, cum ar fi grosimea solului sau a regolitului, care este derivată din sondaje geofizice. Cunoștințele acumulate despre distribuția spațială a tipurilor de depozite și sedimentelor joacă un rol important în studiile bugetelor cantitative de sedimente (Otto și colab., 2009; Schrott și colab., 2003b; Theler și colab., 2008).

Multe abordări utile de modelare GIS au fost dezvoltate în domeniul riscurilor naturale. Alunecările de teren, inundațiile, avalanșele sau eroziunea solului sunt hazarde ale căror caracteristici, cum ar fi magnitudinea sau extinderea spațială depind puternic de pantă, expoziție sau alți parametri care pot fi integrați în mod ideal și afișați în mediile GIS (de ex., Gruber și Mergili, 2013; Gruber și Bartelt, 2007; Lan și colab., 2007; vanWesten și Terlien, 1996; Wilford și colab., 2004; Wichmann și Becht, 2006). Evaluarea riscului folosind GIS combină adesea analiza geomorfometrică cu analiza geostatistică a parametrilor asociați pentru a genera modele de susceptibilitate spațială (Carrara și Guzzetti, 1995). Recenzii cuprinzătoare privind metodologiile aspecte și evaluări ale riscurilor bazate pe GIS pot fi găsite în Guzzetti et al. (1999), Huabin și colab. (2005), și van Westen și colab. (2008).

Aplicabilitatea GIS în Geomorfologie a „explodat”, mai ales după apariția calculatoarelor personale (după anii 1980) și a generalizării modelelor numerice ale suprafeței terenului (după anii 2000). SIG este utilizat în cele trei etape ale demersului geomorfologic: inventariere/cartare, analiză și modelare.

Inventarierea cu ajutorul SIG se referă la: conversia raster/vector prin digitizare, conversia datelor alfanumerice obținute prin cartare topografică sau GPS.

Analiza cu ajutorul SIG se referă la: crearea rapoartelor statistice geomorfometrice pe baza datelor raster și vector cu atribut.

Modelarea cu ajutorul SIG se referă la: creare unor modele de reprezentare a dinamicii proceselor geomorfologice, și aplicarea lor.

Oguchi (2006) a identificat o serie de direcții majore care sunt urmărite la ora actuală:
1. analiza geomorfometrică generală a variabilelor geomorfometrice;
2. analiza geomorfometrică a rețelei hidrografice și a bazinelor hidrografice;
3. cartarea semi automată a reliefului;
4. modelarea proceselor geomorfologice;
5. modelare susceptibilității spațiale pentru estimarea hazardului și riscului geomorfologic;
6. detecția și analiza schimbărilor topografice determinate de procesele geomorfologice.

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